The Importance Of Learning And Its Effects On Human Behavior

An individual will know things and will be able to perform different types of behaviours. Where these behaviours come from however, depends on many things. Some things are innate – therefore, one can be born with the knowledge. Learning is a process that plays a part in determining behaviour. Learning can thereby be defined as a comparatively permanent difference in behaviour and knowledge that comes from experience or training. However, other forms of learning must be acquired actively. Thus, any knowledge or behaviour that one may have without being born with, was somehow learned. Various methods of learning have been examined through different methods such as from experimenting on the salivation level of dogs, to examining how one ties their shoelace. Conditioning on the other hand, although relatively similar to learning, is not the same as learning. It can be defined as a behavioural process whereby a response will become more frequent and more predictable in any given e nvironment at any period of time as a result of reinforcement, while the reinforcement is usually a stimulus that is a compensation for an aspired response. A form of mental and physical behaviour that relates to learning is addiction. Addiction can be defined as an irresistible craving on a behaviour or substance whereby one will either be able unable to stop the addiction, or continue to crave it. Addictions usually increase in severity over time unless precautions or steps have been taken toShow MoreRelatedSocial Learning Theory : Theory Of Reward And Punishment Of Behavioral Reinforcement955 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (1977), a psychologist, proposed social learning theory to integrate the behaviorism with the cognitive theory to explain why people behave in a certain way, irrespective of the type of environment they are in. Bandura tried to integrate the behavior, cognition, and the environment to postulate the social learning theory. Many academicians have seen Bandura as the neo-behaviorist theorist (positivist) despite the fact that he believed in self-help, self-regulationRead MoreTheories Of Personality : Psychodynamic, Trait Or Five Factor Model, Humanistic, And Social Cognitive974 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality: psychodynamic, trait or five-factor model, humanistic, and social-cognitive. The psychodynamic theory primarily focuses on the role of the unconscious mind. The social cognitive theory focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior and is based on theories of learning. Whereas, the humanistic theory emphasizes conscious life experiences and choices. The trai t or five-factor model focuses on characteristics themselves and not the roots of personality. To begin, the psychodynamicRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pageschildren and adult learning differ also. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’sRead More Nature and Nuture Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesThe question is this: How can we distinguish between the environmental causes of behavior and heredity causes? This question embodies the nature-nurture issue. John B. Watson argued that each is made, not born. He discounted the importance of heredity, maintaining that behavior is managed entirely by the environment. Indeed he boldly claimed: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train himRead MoreAn Explanation For His Law Of Effect1224 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1933, Thorndike developed an explanation for his Law of Effect. His experimentations revealed that some events, usually those that one would expect to be pleasant seemed to â€Å"stamp in† a response that had just occurred. Noxious events, he continued, seemed to â€Å"stamp out† the response, or make it less likely to occur (Pierce and Cheney, 2004). Thus, the principles of reinforcement can be summarized as operants followed by consequences that increase or decrease the probability of response in theRead MoreJob Analysis : Job Skills And Abilities Required For A Suitable Performance Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge, skills and abilities required for a suitable performance. Companies, through their human resources departments, carry out the process of selecting candidates, seeking candidates who best meet the requirements of the job. With this selection carefully and detailed, companies seek to optimize the goods and services they offer, which makes the process of selection of employees of vital importance. The human resources department evaluates the performance and quality of employees and often detectsRead MoreThe Triadic Reciprocal Causation Of Social Cognitive Theory1749 Words   |  7 PagesTriadic reciprocal causation is a system assuming human action as a result of an interaction with the environment, behavior, and a person. Bandura explains person as being a cognitive factor such as memory, anticipation, and planning. It is because of these cognitive capacities that some people can select or restructure their environment. How is triadic reciprocal causation of social cognitive theory different than earlier behavioral learning theories? Triadic reciprocal causation is a termRead Moreself assessement Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pages CONTENT 1. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN AN ORGANISATION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of human behavior 1.3 The importance of understanding human behavior to an organization 1.4 The importance of understanding human behavior by leaders 1.5 Leadership self-evaluation/self-assessment 1.6 The benefits of self- assessment/self-evaluation to leaders today. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Organisations are made up of people and people are a huge asset to anyRead MoreReasons For Trust Or Distrust Universities1647 Words   |  7 Pages† he discuss the positive and negative effects of mass media in humans. Both of the authors are explaining about the ethical transformations in students and other humans due to the impact from media and the environment they live in. Both of the authors want students to use their skills and abilities to reach success, not through shortcuts like cheating. Professors, student life administrators, or student leaders cannot always be there to teach the importance of ethics and morals at a college or universityRead MoreTheories Of Human Development1401 Words   |  6 PagesHuman development is an active process resulting from interactions between an individual and their environment. The processes involved in an individual’s development and overall life outcomes are complex, everchanging, and unique. Given the complexity of human d evelopment, the central tenets of my professional conceptual foundation of development include biological factors inherent in the individual, psychological influences, and social interactions. Thus, my professional perspective can best be

Correlation Between Race and Class - 2667 Words

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS CORRELATION BETWEEN RACE AND CLASS Ãâ€"ZGE Ãâ€"ZDEN 2009432081 INSTRUCTOR: Ãâ€"MÃÅ"R NECZAN TÄ °MURCANDAY Ãâ€"ZMEN 2012, Ä °ZMÄ °R CONTENTS Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ii Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...iii A. Social stratification, social inequality, social division..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1-2 B. Social class†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2-3 B1. Sociological overview and theories of stratification and social class†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-5 C. Races, ethnicity, and racism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Abstract In this study, racism and social classes were examined. Mentioned how they are exist. Under the concepts of†¦show more content†¦Strata are not a product of only personal differences; it is a product of whole society which presents the society’s characteristics. However as a universal, social and economic conditions of people effective their classification. Social stratification creates a hierarchy system in a society and represents the sort of people in this hierarchy. Furthermore, in this hierarchy, assets, assets allocations and opportunities do not reach to people equally. This unequal conditions lead to social inequalities and social divisions in the society. Social stratification separating people different layers and causes the inequalities in the society. Social inequality is the situation of each member of the society has not equal conditions, social status and social class. It exists between gender, races, classes and countries. According to inequalities distribution of the rights, assets and wealth is changing. The forms of social inequality are gender inequality, race inequality, and wealth inequality. Such forms of discriminations do not allow equal distribution of assets and the chance of seizing opportunities. Thomas M. Shapiro talks about differences between white and black families taking a bank loan for housing in an example. He presents that white family’s request approved. However, the black family’s request is denied. Such social inequalities invite the social divisions. Social divisions are about theShow MoreRelatedFor Many Americans, President Trump’S Election Has Become1183 Words   |  5 Pagesus less autonomous (i.e. the Trans-Pacific Partnership) and raising the working-class by returning manufacturing jobs that had been outsourced or â€Å"taken† by immigrants (Kohn 2016). In this study, I analyze how the percentage of a county that is in the manufacturing industry affected Trump’s share of the two-party vote in that county. 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Monets Green Reflections Essay Example For Students

Monets Green Reflections Essay Since the dawn of time, man has been inspired by the beauty of art. The Macquarie Concise Dictionary describes art as the production or expression of what is beautiful, appealing or of more than ordinary significance. I interpret the word art to refer to the physical reproduction of the artists own perception of the world around them. A masterpiece is defined as a consummate example of skill or excellence. Therefore, when in search of a masterpiece of the artistic category, we must take into account the proficiency and dexterity displayed by the artist. With these basic principles in mind, it is my belief that one cannot surpass Monets series entitled Waterlilies and more specifically the painting Green Reflections. I have adored the Waterlilies series for a number of years. It was its originality that first appealed to me. Green Reflections is my favourite due mainly to the use of the green colour to indicate darkness of the water. The painting seems busy, yet not overpoweringly so. There is much for the eye, while allowing room for personal interpretation. Visually appealing, Green Reflections is a classic example of Monets personal style, being both scientific and painterly. This particular painting has captivated many admirers with its pretty pastel colours, prevalent in many of Monets works. The yellows and pinks of the lilies are in strong contrast to the deep blues and jungle greens of the water. Monet brought the study of the transient effects of natural light to its most refined expression, through the Waterlilies series. Therefore tone is an important aspect of the painting. It is used with great success, giving the appearance of shade on the right hand side. The tone also gives the impression of water reflections. The Waterlilies series was a number of paintings of the same lily pond. The defining characteristic of Green Reflections is that it was the only one of the group painted at night. Monets fascination with light and colour was the fuel behind this concept. Being an impressionist painter, very little of his works used line and shape. Green Reflections is no exception. Irregular patterns are prominent with little regard for structure and realism. The only way Monet could capture his version of the truth of the moment was through lying. Monets method made accommodations to his underlying philosophy of instantaneity and attention to decorative elements. Monet attempted to reconcile the idea of capturing a moment and his supposition that all moments must contain absolute truth through the use of a harmony of colours. Monet was considered an early pioneer of the impressionist era. The word impressionism is synonymous with the likes of Camille Pissarro, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley, all associates of Monet. He was tutored in his early years by French painter, Eugene Boudin. Boudin passes on to Monet his love for nature and taught the young artist not to be afraid to break the rules. Monet often spoke of his education with Boudin: My eyes were finally opened and I understood nature; I learned at the same time to love it. It was due to his informal training, that Monet never complied with conventional techniques of the era. In 1874, with a group of artists called the Independents, Monet organised an exhibition in which a number of paintings were viewed by the public for the first time. The group was labelled the Impressionists as their work seemed sketchy and unfinished. Despite the incompleteness of his work, the boldness of his colour and the extreme simplicity of his compositions, Monet was recognised as a master of meticulous observation. An artist who sacrificed neither the true complexities of nature nor the intensity of his own feelings in achieving a goal. Monets technique developed over many years. By the mid-1880s Monet, generally regarded as the leader of the impressionist school, had achieved significant recognition. It was with this new-found fortune that Monet purchased the property at Giverny, just outside of Paris. Green Reflections was painted in 1906, on this property. His garden was a splendid juxtaposition of colour, lush over-growth and dense foliage. The exotic plant and wildlife that thrived in this handmade sanctuary were the focal point of Monets work towards the end of his life. The lily pond featured in Green Reflections also appeared in other works such as The Japanese Footbridge. .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .postImageUrl , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:hover , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:visited , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:active { border:0!important; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:active , .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9 .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f43c60be151f49d0bde194abdc906a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: research paper EssayAs previously mentioned, Monets artwork pertained to the concepts of impressionism. However, many saw his later work as partially abstract. In old age, Monets eye sight deteriorated with the formation of cataracts. His sense of colour was affected as well as his sight. This is believed to be what gave his last few paintings including Green Reflections a distinct feeling of abstraction. Claude Monet truly displayed his artistic flare in Green Reflections. His complete abandonment of orthodoxy was a great influence on modern artists. With a combination of abstraction and impressionism, combined with simplicity and a varse use of colour, this painting is a true exemplar. bibliographyNON-FICTION BOOKSGerstein, Marc S. 1980. IMPRESSIONISM. Hudson Hills Press. New York, USA. Spate, Virginia. 1992. MONET: LIFE AND WORK. Rizzoli. New York, USA. Tucker, Paul. 1995. MONET IN THE 90s: THE SERIES PAINTINGS. Museum of Fine Arts in association with Yale University Press. Boston, USA. REFERENCE ARTICLES1965. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD ART. McGrow Hill. London, England. 1988. THE MACQUARIE CONCISE DICTIONARY. Macquarie University. Sydney, Australia. 1994. IMMERSIONISM and MONET, CLAUDE. Microsoft Encarta. New York, USA. WEBSITESMonody, Christopher. 1997. MONET: THE WATERLILIES. http://www.ugrad.cs.jhu.edu/baker/images/monet/monet.wl-green.jpg (August 18, 1998)Yen, Howard. 1992. MONET, THE CYBERSPACE GALLERY. http://vinnv.csd.mu.edu/howard/monet/ (August 18, 1998)

The Application of The Uses and Gratifications Theory free essay sample

For my research proposal I will use the Uses and Gratifications theory to further explain how television takes advantage of new media such as social media (FaceBook, Twitter) and other new types of media in order to strengthen, modify or enhance parasocial relationships people develop with characters on television. My research will be done in the form of a non open-ended survey, providing yes and no questions to the people taking the survey which will facilitate insight in the way television uses social media to be involved in parasocial relationships in some way. I have chose to focus on the show The Walking Dead and the relationships people may develop with characters on the show. I will also focus on the way the show itself, uses new media to do something to that relationship in some way. The purpose for my project is to further research in new media using the Uses and Gratifications theory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Application of The Uses and Gratifications Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rationale: The Walking Dead has become such a popular show that it has almost developed a cult like following. According the New York Times (2013), The Walking Dead’s season three, premiere episode, was seen by 12.3 million people, making it a popular show and an important show to study (p.1). The people that routinely watch the show, and indulge themselves in the action, eventually achieve a relationship so strong that some may even be distraught for several days after one of their favorite characters dies, for example. The relationship in this sense is that people develop a strong attachment to the character on the show, and when the character goes away they feel like they have lost a good friend. Emma Riley Sutton (2013) notes that fans of the show have even created hypothetical scenarios, where they pretend to survive zombie hordes and hangout with their favorite characters from the show (p.1). Doing research to look into this show, the new media it utilizes and the parasocial phenomenon it creates will help me determine how people might use the show to fill certain needs and gratifications in their life. Research Questions: In order to further research for this study it is necessary to ask research questions in order to guide the research being done. 1. Do people have an attachment to specific characters on the show the Walking Dead? 2. Do they develop parasocial relationships with characters on the show? 3. Do the parasocial relationships that are developed, fill needs and gratifications that people may be missing in their lives? 4. Does new media such as the internet, FaceBook or Twitter play a part in the parasocial relationship being developed in some way? Literature Review: Whether watching a movie or checking a cell-phone for a sports team score, people use media in order to satisfy certain needs in their life. In order to further understand why we choose specific types of media to fill specific needs, it’s helpful to examine scholarly literature on the topic. After reviewing the scholarly literature written about media usage, the overarching consensus is that the Uses and Gratification Theory illustrates why people choose particular types of media to fill specific needs and produce certain gratifications. In order to determine certain gratifications met by our media use, I have chosen television as a specific media to focus on. In this literature review I argue that The Uses and Gratification Theory can explain why people choose certain media such as television, in order to serve their needs and wants in life and in some cases television can create a parasocial relationship with the viewer that can tie the viewer to a certain character on television. According to Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974), curiosity in the idea that media provide some sort of gratification to their audience is well represented in early empirical mass communication research (p.500). Katz Blumler and Gurevitch report that at the time, mass communication research was concerned with coming up with a list of functions that were met by specific media or content. According to West and Turner (2010), eventually other theories were developed in an attempt to overcome the short comings of the previous theories (p.393). West and Turner (2010) explain that one of those theories was the Limited Effects Theory, which states that media effects are limited by the context of the audience’s lives and needs. The second theory was defined by Abraham Maslow (1970) as the Needs and Motivation Theory, which states that people feel as though they have to meet their social and psychological needs in order to move up to the next unsatisfied need level on a hierarchical need structure (P.38). However, Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974) disagreed with researchers such as Maslow, Herzog, and others, and felt that their studies were too methodological and asked way too many open ended questions (P.500). They said that the studies were too qualitative and neglected diversity of answers from different people and instead they tried to group their answers in labeled categories. They also believed the studies didn’t research the link in gratifications and social and psychological needs that were being met by the chosen media. They also suggested that the prior research failed to look for relationships between multitudes of media, which may have potentially led to more development of research about media gratifications. This disagreement lead to more research being done by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974) and eventually lead to them conceptualizing the idea of the Uses and Gratification approach, which is an approach that: â€Å"simply represents an attempt to explain something of the way in which individuals use communications, among other resources in their environment, to satisfy their need and to achieve their goals† (P.510). However, West and Turner (2010) point out that even though Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch disagree with the previous theories before the Uses and Gratifications Theory, the theory is still an extension of the ideas of those original theories, most notably the Needs and Motivation Theory (P.394). Expanding on assumptions identified by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch, Stacks and Salwen (2009), further explained the five assumptions that provide ground work for the theory: â€Å"1.Communication behavior, including media selection and use, is goal-directed, purposive, motivated; 2. People take the initiative in selecting and using communication vehicles to satisfy felt needs or desires; 3. A host of social and psychological factors mediate people’s communication behavior; 4. Media compete with other forms of communication; and 5. People are typically more influential than the media in the relationship, but not always† (P.139). According to Haridakis and Whitmore (2006) Alan Rubin, a researcher who played an instrumental role in defining Uses and Gratifications Theory, believed that these assumptions allowed for a perspective on looking at the association of interpersonal and mass communication and how mediated and interpersonal approaches may assist as comparable substitutes to one another (P.768). After these assumptions were conceptualized, Haridakis and Whitmore (2006) say that two types of media use orientation by audiences were identified by Alan Rubin: ritualized orientation (or using a specific type of media to kill time) and instrumental orientation (or using media for informational reasons). These types of media orientation were found in Rubin’s (1993) studies on television and the audience’s involvement in watching television (P.102). Haridakis and Whitmore (2006) note that Rubin viewed television as an instrumental medium in determining audience’s motivations for satisfying their needs and gratifications (P.769). Stacks and Salwen (2009) report that the natural liking to television eventually leads to perceived realism being experienced by the audience (P.142). This perceived realism, is according to Busselle and Greenberg (2000), when people see the images on television as very realistic and thus, are more easily influenced by television (P.251). Stacks and Salwen (2009) expand on this idea further and say that experiencing perceived realism can explain how different people respond to â€Å"TV messages based on motivation or specific content† (P.141). Rubin and Windahl (1986) note that certain media such as television may lead some people to become dependent on it and may influence them to need it more than others would, especially when a person’s resources are poor and even the basic needs of the person are threatened (P.190). Haradakis and Whitmore (2006) claim that television may even lead people to be dependent on it to fill the need of entertainment, the need to escape out of the world you’re in, the need of feeling belonged or loved and in general and the need of finding satisfaction in something (P.770). Rubin and Windahl (1986) state that dependency is closely related with needs and motives with television use: â€Å"because it increases susceptibility to media use† (P.191). Stacks and Salwen (2009) believe that more research is needed in order to further understand dependency, because dependency has not been studied in media use other than television (P.145). Busselle and Greenberg (2000) say that that television may also fill the need to identify with something, or â€Å"the extent to which viewers incorporate television content into their lives or involve themselves with the content elements† (P.257). Busselle and Greenberg (2000) state that the need to utilize something for information regarding events that had occurred in the audiences real life, may also be useful in some way to them. Busselle and Greenberg (2000) believe that identifying with television and certain content for needs and gratifications can eventually lead to becoming very familiar with characters on the television, acting as if they were friends with them in real life (P.255). This process of identifying with television characters can also be known as parasocial interaction. Parasocial interaction is defined by West and Turner, as (2010): â€Å"the relationship we feel we have with people we may know only through the media† (P.396). Lather and Moyer-Guse (2011) believe that the viewer’s connection with the people on television is dynamic and it takes time for the viewer to gain knowledge about the character, in terms of personality, morality and demeanor (P.198). Lather and Moyer-Guse also report (2011) that parasocial relationships can make messages more persuasive, can allow marginalized groups to be accepted, because these television characters also show up in real-life relationships and are incorporated into our social life, as well as to provide enjoyment for the viewer. Parasocial relationships may also, according to Hartmann and Goldhoorn (2011), make people conform to social norms, and violating these social norms may produce embarrassment or regret by the viewer (1108). Stacks and Salwen (2009) claim that media, in this case television, can meet interpersonal needs which include: â€Å"pleasure, escape, relaxation, inclusion, affection, and control† (P.140). According to Lather and Moyer-Guse (2011), Cohen, a known researcher in the field, studied the ends of parasocial breakups and noticed people often felt sad and lonely after the end of the relationship, which further explained how parasocial relationships, mirrored real-life interpersonal relationships and the needs interpersonal relationships provide (P.199). Hartmann and Goldhoorn (2011) say that parasocial relationships make the viewer feel like the person on the screen is aware of them and the viewer may make adjustments to their attitude and behavior, based on the person on the screen and believe the person on the screen is doing the same (P.1107). Hartmann and Goldhoorn (2011) also suggest that the parasocial relationship is much different conceptually, than a real-life interpersonal relationship, in the sense of the parasocial relationship being one sided and controlled by the viewer (P.1105). In general, this literature review discussed what the Uses and Gratification Theory is, it explained why people may select certain media to fill certain needs, television as a specific medium that helps us meet our sociological and psychological needs and the idea that we can create a parasocial relationships with characters we see on television. I have found after reading the literature that I have chosen for this review and other literature related to the Uses and Gratifications Theory, there isn’t much dispute in the research of the theory. If there is a dispute, it is usually done in order to encourage expansion of the ideas within the theory. In my research, I have found that the theory seems to cover how and why we use media such as television, newspapers and radio, but the theory doesn’t seem to extend to media that has been developed recently such as the internet, social media and so forth. After reviewing literature on the Uses and Gratifications Theory, I believe that the theory can explain why we choose the certain media we do but, needs to be expanded to accommodate media that has been developed recently. The expansion into more recent technology would lead to more new ideas and fresh research in this field, something I believe it is lacking. Method for the research in the Proposal: Bibliography Busselle, R. W., Greenberg, B. S. (2000). The Nature of Television Realism Judgments: A Reevaluation of their Conceptualization and Movement. Mass Communication and Society. Volume 3, Issue 2/3, 249-268. Carter,B. (2013,Febuary 11). The Walking Dead Sets Records for AMC. The New York Times. pp. 1. Haridakis, P. M., Whitmore, E. H. (2006). Understanding Electronic Media Audiences: The Pioneering Research of Alan M. Rubin. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. Issue 4, 766-762. Hartmann, T., Goodhoorn, C. (2011). Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring Viewers Experience of Parasocial Interaction. Journal of Communication. Volume 61, Issue 6, 1104-1121. Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1974). Uses and Gratification Research. Oxford University Press , 508-522. Lather, J., Moyer-Guse, E. (2011). How Do We React When Our Favorite Characters Are Taken Away? An Examination Study of a Temporary Parasocial Breakup. Mass Communication and Society. Volume 14, Issue 2, 196-215. Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York : Harper and Row. Rubin, A. M. (1993). Audience Activity and Media Use. Communication Monographs. Volume 60, Issue 1, 98-105. Rubin, A. M., Windahl, S. (1986). The Uses and Dependency model of Mass Communication. Cultural Studies for Mass Communication. Volume 3, Issue 2,184-199. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (2009). An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. New York: Routledge. Sutton, E.R. (2013). ‘The Walking Dead’: Fans know who they want defending them against zombies. Oklahoma City News Examiner. Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com/article/the-walking-dead-fans-know-who-they-want-defending-them-against-zombies. West, R., Turner, L. H. (2010). Introducing Communication Theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.